Skip to main content

DISORDERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DISORDERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


  • The inflammation of the enteric tract is that the commonest ill thanks to microorganism or infectious agent infections. 
  • The infections are caused by the parasites of the gut like flatworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, pin worm. etc

Jaundice
  • The liver is affected, sin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposit of bile pigments.


Vomiting

  • It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth. 
  • This reflex action is controlled by the vomit centre in the medulla. 
  • A feeling of nausea precedes vomiting.



Diarrhoea

  • The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. 
  • It reduces the absorption of food. 
Constipation 

In constipation, the faeces are retained within the colon as the bowel movements occur irregularly.



Indigestion

  • In this condition, the food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness. 
  • The causes of indigestion are inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food poisoning, over eating, and spicy food.
Protein-energy malnutrition [PEM] 

  • Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of South and South-east Asia, South America, and West and Central Africa. 
  • PEM may affect large sections of the population during drought, famine and political turmoil. 
  • This happened in Bangladesh during the liberation war and in Ethiopia during the severe drought in mid-eighties. 
  • PEM affects infants and children to produce Marasmus and Kwashiorkar.
  • Marasmus is produced by a simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories. 
  • It is found in infants less than a year in age, if mother's milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and caloric value. 
  • this often happens if the mother has second pregnancy or childbirth when the older infant is still to young. 
  • In Marasmus, proteins deficiency impairs growth and replacement of tissue proteins; extreme emaciation of the body and thinning of limbs results, the skin becomes dry, thin and wrinkled. 

  • Growth rate and body weight decline considerably. 
  • Even growth and development of brain and mental faculties are impaired deficiency. 
  • It results from the replacement of mother's milk by a high calories low protein diet in a child more than one year in age. 
  • Like marasmus Kwashiorkor show wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development. 

  1. But unlike marasmus, some fat is still left under the skin; moreover, extensive oedema and swelling of body parts are seen.



Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION   We are dependent on air for our respiratory needs.  Air pollutants cause injury to all living organisms.  They reduce growth and yield of crops and cause premature death of plants.  Air pollutants also deleteriously affect the respiratory system of humans and of animals.  Harmful effects depend on the concentration of pollutants, duration of exposure and the organism.  Smokestacks of thermal power plants, smelters and other industries release particulate and gaseous air pollutants together with harmless gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc.  These pollutants must be separated/ filtered out before releasing the harmless gases into the atmosphere.  Electrostatic precipitator There are several ways of removing particulate matter; the most widely used of which is the electrostatic precipitator, which can remove over 99 per cent particulate matter present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant.  It has electrode wires that are m...
Post a Comment
Read more

RADIOACTIVE WASTES

  RADIOACTIVE WASTES  Initially, nuclear energy was hailed as a non-polluting way for generating electricity.  Later on, it was realised that the use of nuclear energy has two very serious inherent problems.  The first is accidental leakage, as occurred in the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl incidents and the second is safe disposal of radioactive wastes.  Radiation, that is given off by nuclear waste is extremely damaging to biological organisms, because it causes mutations to occur at a very high rate.  At high doses, nuclear radiation is lethal but at lower doses, it creates various disorders, the most frequent of all being cancer.  Therefore, nuclear waste is an extremely potent pollutant and has to be dealt with utmost caution.  It has been recommended that storage of nuclear waste, after sufficient pre-treatment, should be done in suitably shielded containers buried within the rocks, about 500 m deep below the earth’s surface.  However,...
3 comments
Read more

DIGESTIVE GLANDS

  DIGESTIVE GLANDS Salivary gland   Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands, the parotids (cheek), the sub-maxillary/submandibular (lower jaw) and the sub-linguals (below the tongue).  These glands situated just outside the buccal cavity secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity. liver  Liver is the largest gland of the body weighing about 1.2 to 1.5 kg in an adult human.  It is situated in the abdominal cavity , just below the diaphragm and has two lobes. The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords.  Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath known the Glisson's. The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac known the gall bladder.  The duct of Gall bladder (cystic duct) along with the hepatic duct from the liver forms the common bile duct The bile...
3 comments
Read more